Research & Evidence
Through End of First Grade
- Reduced aggression Dolan et al. (1993). Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 317-345.
- More on-task behavior Brown (1993). American Journal Community Psychology, 21, 635-664.
By Middle School
- Reduced aggression Kellam et al. (1994). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 259-281. Kellam et al. (1998). Development and Psychopathology, 10, 165-185.
- Reduced smoking initiation Kellam & Anthony (1998). American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1490-1495.
Young Adult Outcomes (age 19-21)
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2008: 95S: Effects of a universal classroom based behavior program in first and second grades on young adult outcomes. Five full-length papers and an editorial: Kellam et al.; Poduska et al.; Petras et al.; Brown et al.| Selected Outcomes at Young Adulthood, age 19-21 | GBG Classrooms |
Standard Program Classrooms |
Risk Reduction |
| Use of school-based services for problems with behavior, emotions, or drugs or alcohol * Males highly aggressive, disruptive in first grade |
17%
|
33% | 48% |
| Lifetime illicit drug abuse/dependence disorder * All males * Males highly aggressive, disruptive in first grade |
19% 29% |
38% 83% |
50% 65% |
| Lifetime alcohol abuse/dependence disorder * All males and females |
13% | 20% | 35% |
| Smoking 10 or more cigarettes a day regularly * All males * Males highly aggressive, disruptive in first grade |
7% 0% |
17% 40% |
59% 100% |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) * All males and females * Males highly aggressive, disruptive in first grade |
17% 41% |
25% 86% |
32% 52% |